CBSA resources
Briefing paper: Unlocking carbon credits for sanitation, 2023
Container-based sanitation guide to implementation (1st edition), 2020
CBSA GHG emissions calculator, 2020
Policy brief: Supporting the shift to climate-smart sanitation, 2020
Taking Container-Based Sanitation to scale: opportunities and challenges, 2019
Global leaders in household CBS services: a comparative analysis, C 2018
CBS resources
Why it’s time to get behind container-based sanitation, EY, 2020 and in French (CBSA translation)
Evaluating the potential of container-based sanitation, World Bank, 2019
The world can’t wait for sewers: advancing container-based sanitation businesses as a viable answer to the global sanitation crisis, EY (Ernst & Young) and WSUP (Water & Sanitation for the Urban Poor), 2017
Container-based sanitation guidelines, City of Cape Town, CBSA, Greencape, 2024
The Political Economy of Sanitation: An Exploratory Study of Stakeholder Incentives in Delivering Sanitation, Zaqout, Mariam D. A., PHD thesis, University of Leeds
The sanitation arc: an alternative examination of WASH behaviour change, 2021
Mosan: Combining Circularity and Participatory Design to Address Sanitation in Low-Income Communities, Mijthab, M., Anisie R. & Crespo O. Circular Economy and Sustainability, 2021
A Methodological Approach to the Assessment of the Greenhouse Gas Mitigation Potential of Container-Based Sanitation Systems, Seitz, D., Masters thesis, ETH Zurich 2021
An evaluation of different provision strategies for scaled-up container-based sanitation, Ferguson C.; Mallory, A.; Hutchings, P.; Remington, C.; Lloyd, E.; Kiogora, D.; Anciano, F.; Parker, A. H2Open Journal, 2021
Evaluating the viability of container-based sanitation in low- income settlements, Dewhurst, Richard & Furlong, Claire & Tripathi, Sabitri & Templeton, Michael & Scott, Rebecca, Waterlines, 2019
Waste-to-Value Sanitation in Kakuma Refugee Camp, UNHCR, Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, Sanivation, 2020
Piloting ecological sanitation (EcoSan) in the emergency context of Port-au-Prince, Haiti, after the 2010 earthquake, A. Kilbride, S. Kramer, and N.Preneta, WEDC Conference, 2013
SOIL sanitation safety plan, 2019
Container-based Toilets with Solid Fuel Briquettes as a Reuse Product – Best Practice Guidelines for Refugee Camps. Kenya, Sanivation, UNHCR, 2018
Realizing the circular economy for sanitation: assessing enabling conditions and barriers to the commercialization of human excreta derived fertilizer in Haiti and Kenya, Moya, Berta, Ruben Sakrabani, and Alison Parker Sustainability, 2019
Sanitation practices and perceptions in Kakuma refugee camp, Kenya: comparing the status quo with a novel service-based approach, Nyoka, R., Foote, A. D., Woods, E., Lokey, H., O’Reilly, C. E., Magumba, F., et al., PLoS ONE, 2017
Opportunities and limits to market-driven sanitation services: evidence from urban informal settlements in East Africa, O’Keefe, M., Lüthi, C., Tumwebaze, I. K., and Tobias, R., Environ. Urban, 2015
Thermophilic co- composting of human wastes in Haiti, Preneta, N., Kramer, S., Magloire, B., and Noel, J.-M., Water Sanit. Hyg. Dev., 2013
User perceptions of and willingness to pay for household container-based sanitation services: experience from Cap Haitien, Haiti, K. Russel, S. Tilmans, S. Kramer, R. Sklar, D. Tillias, and J. Davis, Environment and Urbanization, 2015
Greenhouse gas fluxes from human waste management pathways in Haiti, Ryals, R., McNicol, G., Porder, S., and Kramer, S., Clean. Prod., 2019
Pit latrines or container-based toilets? A cost–benefit analysis comparing two approaches to improving sanitation access in urban areas of Haiti, Sklar, R., and C. Faustin, Priorise: Copenhagen Consensus Center, 2017
Container-based sanitation: assessing costs and effectiveness of excreta management in Cap Haitien, Haiti, Tilmans, S., Russel, K., Sklar, R., Page, L., Kramer, S., and Davis, J., Environ. Urban., 2015
The SOIL guide to ecological sanitation. Sustainable Organic Integrated Livelihoods (SOIL), SOIL, Sherburne NY, USA, 2011
Other key resources
Core questions on drinking water, sanitation and hygiene for household surveys: 2018 update, JMP, 2018 (includes CBS as improved sanitation in table 3 on p12)
Progress on household drinking water, sanitation and hygiene 2000-2017. Special focus on inequalities, JMP, 2019 (includes CBS as improved sanitation in table A-1 on p82)
African Sanitation Policy Guidelines, AMCOW, 2021
Annex III | Water security sectoral guide, GCF water project design guidelines, part 3: practical guidelines for designing climate-resilient sanitation projects, 2024 (includes several references to CBS)
Guidelines on sanitation and health, WHO, 2018 (includes CBS in Fact Sheet 8: Urine-diverting dry toilet and container-based sanitation with off-site treatment of all contents in the annex on p181)
Citywide Inclusive Sanitation: a call to action, Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, Emory University, The University of Leeds, WaterAid, Plan International, World Bank, 2017
Citywide Inclusive Sanitation: A public service approach for reaching the urban sanitation SDGs, 2020
Citywide Inclusive Sanitation – business as unusual: shifting the paradigm by shifting minds, 2020
Back-end users: the unrecognized stakeholders in demand-driven sanitation, 2010